Covenant & treaty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Covenant & treaty - Essay Example The following is a list of these covenants. Man was made superior over all creations as he was the only being made in God’s image. God asks Adam and Eve to fill the earth and subdue it, and promises to give to them all seed bearing plants and trees. In the book of Genesis 9, God made a covenant with Noah. The covenant came right after the great flood that wiped out all the creators from the face of the earth leaving only Noah and his family together with the a couple of each animal species. God promised never again will He destroyed the world with rain and a rainbow became a sign of God’s reconciliation with mankind (Harris and Platzner 142). The rainbow is a reminder of what humanity faced and signifies the promise. The covenant with Abraham signifies a beginning of a creation of a new nation that was promised by God. In this covenant, God asks Abraham to leave his country and family for a new place. He promises Abraham will be made into a great nation and all the mankind will be blessed through him. Abraham absolutely trusts in God and does as asked (Harris and Platzner 144). The covenant marks the history of the Israelites and shows the redemption of these people. It is a conditional covenant by God to Moses which depended on the response of the people. Therefore, it meant that there would be blessings for obedience, but judgment for disobedience (Ex. 15:26; 19:3-8). Moses was promised that the Israelites will be God’s chosen treasured people. The laws that made the covenant, revealed Gods desire for the nation to be set apart from all other nations. David is promised an everlasting lineage and kingdom (Harris and Platzner 222). The covenant was made to re-create the relationship that was broken between God and the people. The promise was finally fulfilled in the New Testament as Jesus ruled over the nation. The covenant is made by God to all mankind. He promises to forgive and grant a universal knowledge of

Positive Impact of Guidance Counselors Essay Example for Free

Positive Impact of Guidance Counselors Essay A school counselor, usually called a guidance counselor, is one who helps guide students through different aspects of their life whether it be academic, career, college, or social aspects from grades K-12. At some levels a guidance counselor may help students with bullying or a bad home life, and at other levels they help students stay on track and guide them down the right academic path for the student’s success and graduation. No matter what direction the guidance counselor is going, their mind set is always one that will have a positive impact on their school climate and culture. Guidance counselors have the ability to work collaboratively with other educators to make program changes necessary to help prevent students from dropping out of school. With the help of the counselor, students can be directed down correct paths that will prevent student drop outs, thus positively affecting the school climate and culture. An effective guidance counselor will also spend time with troubled students helping them work through their issues, thus creating a better classroom environment for the teachers. When troubled students are receiving the help they need outside the classroom, teachers can maintain an orderly environment free of disruptions, and therefore higher learning can take place. This is yet another example of the positive impact that the counselor has on school climate and culture. The school culture is positively affected by counselors yet again due to the fact that guidance counselors help connect the school with the community, and the school with the parents. Counselors help connect the family as a whole to the educational process by having informative sessions with the community in regards to things like: how to file the FAFSA; explaining what test scores mean; offering help with ACT study sessions, etc. Counselors also send home informative newsletters keeping the parents and community informed about what’s going on inside the school building. In conclusion, it is evident that a school counselor has numerous positive impacts on a school’s climate and culture. They are an irreplaceable resource for the students, school, and the community. Without their presence, schools and students could not and would not be where they are today.

The Johari Window Theory Philosophy Essay

The Johari Window Theory Philosophy Essay For the first window which is open self, DeVito claims that people know something about us and we also already know about oueselves. For instance, the basic details about ourselves liked our age, name, the color of hair, sex, attitudes, feelings, motivation, political and religion. When we meeting a new friend, we would tell him the basic about ourselves such as our name, where we live and where we were from. The open self will be more widen when the people we interact with can make us feel comfortable and closed to us. The relationship with our parents and best friends can be one of the examples. Communication becomes worse if our open self getting smaller. It means that if we are too secretive to others, it is difficult to communicate and we are surely having social interaction problems. It is a good thing if we have a large open self. Being an open self person, others used to be more comfy with us and it is a very good point to students to have a large open self as working in groups is common between students. By practicing the open self more in future, we can simply accept others views and perceptions about us whether it is negative or positive. The people who have a large open self will get more powerful position in negotiation and the percentage to be exploited is less. (Straker, 2012) The second window, the blind self, is the opposite window to the open self. In this window, DeVito (1994) argued that people usually know certain things about us that we do not know about it. It can be related to some information about us such as the way we defense ourselves or fight strategies. In example, we tend to play with our fingers when we getting nervous or we choose to keep in silence when we get angry with someone. Some people who have a very outsized blind self seems to ignore their own faults. Some people say that they know everything about themselves and saying that they can surely eliminate the blind self window. We can never get rid of the blind area yet it always there. Nevertheless, the communication will be difficult with it existence. We have a tendency to be people who do not even care about what the others think about us if we have a large blind self. We do hide certain things about ourselves but only in a small count. People around us tend to labeled us as harmless person because they know certain things that we do not realize it liked our weakness points. If it is happen, people can easily take advantage of our naivety. Sometimes we can be aggressive which will cause to disliked and feared. For instance, we may have a smelly mouth or we may have a bad odor body that makes people stay a distance from us. People will not tell us about these because it will cause misunderstood or misconception in a relationship. And yes, it is difficult to make a truly confession about the blind self window. (Straker, 2012) The third window is hidden self. Mostly, DeVito (2011) said that this window representing some information that you know but the others do not know about it. This part contains every secret that you successfully kept from other people. In this area, there are two types of groups which are the over disclosers and the under disclosers. The over disclosers do not mind to share all their secrets about themselves or others. They will let us know about their family history, dark sides, bank card passwords and everything else. While the opposites side, the under disclosers, they keep everything hidden. They will not tell anything about them in every conversation they have made even though with someone who is closed to. By having a large size of the third window, people may say that we tend to appeared distance and secretive to others. Just like the second window, we tend to speak out less about us if we are in the under discloser group. We may be a person who not easily trusts people in a short period. We do take time to build a trust. While having a conversation, we may pay less attention to others because we are too afraid if we may slip our tongue when we speaking. Our introversion is the main cause that has led us to retreat the world with suspicion and awareness. It is a different thing when we go to the second group, the over discloser. This group may be labeled as a group of people who not a good person in keeping secrets. They have no doubt to tell the others about our past, our dark side and many things that we should keep it. Because of it, it will make people hardly to put a high expectation in keeping secrets. (Straker, 2012) The last spot of the Johari Window theory that DeVito (2011) had mentioned is the unknown self which is no one know about the self neither ourselves nor others identify it. It hidden in our subconscious or by some means is we would escape notice on it that may remain an unrevealed. It can be discovered by hypnosis, various projective tests or dreams. The discovery also can be done through honest and emphatic relationship. Our interaction with family, friends and lovers can be used as examples as they are the most trusted person in our life and they trust us back. It is an efficient method to gain insight. People may think we are mysterious person if we are having a great size of the unknown self. We may be looked like a lonely and friendless person but we are not a shy person. The hidden things may consist of both good and bad things that not possible to discovered it if this window go through the other window, the open self, the blind self or the hidden self window. (Straker, 2012) Associated with Johari Window, DeVito (2011) conclude that each individuals window will be vary as one self grows, one or more of the other selves shrink. According to Charless Horton Cooleys (1922) concept of the looking glass self, when you want to discover, say, how friendly or how assertive you are, you would look at the image of yourself that others reveal to you through the way they treat you and react to you (Hensley, 1996). Youd look especially to those who are most significant in your life. As a child, youd look to your parents and then to your teachers. As an adult, you might look to your friends, romantic partners and colleagues at work. If these important others think highly of yourself reflected in their behaviors; if they think little of you, youll see a more negative image. (DeVito, 2011) By visualizing this model as representing yourself, it will build up our personal development either to positive or negative. Hence, our self-concept, self-awareness and self-esteem will be increased in future.

Abortion Essays -- essays research papers

Abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continually argued over for the past few years and probably many years to come. The main controversy is should abortion be legalized? First before we get into the many sides of abortion we must first define abortion. Abortion is the destruction of the fetus or unborn child while the child is still in the mothers womb. This can be done by almost anyone from the mother herself to back alley abortions and even to abortions by clinics set up especially for this purpose. There are two sides to this abortion topic the PRO-LIFE which is those who are against abortion altogether and the PRO-CHOICE or those who believe it is the womans right to choose if she wants to have an abortion. These two groups offer different solutions to problem. The pro-life solution is to have the child and basically live with it. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solution is abortion because of reasons they feel are appropriate. Although abortion is morally and ethically wrong should it be legal for victims of rape or incest who have no other alternative? There is no real answer to this controversy, there are two sides to it though which have been arguing for many years over the subject. The first is the pro-life group. This group does not believe in the abortion factor. To understand where the pro-life stands we must first understand its beliefs and reasons for its beliefs. Then we can discuss what their solution to the abortion topic is. Pro-life believes that rape and incest are very emotional topics. "They often elicit throughout the population feelings of revulsion; people draw back from the issue of rape and incest. People don't know how to handle a person who is in that much pain. There is no quick fix. That is why it is difficult for even pro-life people to come to grips with the argument over abortion in cases of rape and incest." Some of those who are pro-life will allow abortion in these cases because they don't know what else they can do for the victim and except it as a rare case. But it is known that allowing abortion in these cases usually does not help the victim, instead it only worsens the problem because the victims needs are not being met. But what the facts suggest is that only a minority of rape and incest victims actually choose abortion. This is where ... ... legal for all. When a person chooses to have sex she is taking a chance. This she does of her own free will, and she has control over what she is doing. This is the total opposite of the rape victim. If a person decides to have sex whether it is safe or not, what happens after that is her responsibility as well as his. And if you are going to chose to participate in this risky and unsafe practice then you must be ready to pay the consequences. I also believe that a fetus is still a child contradictory to the beliefs of the Pro-Choice. I think that when two people create something like a child, even if it is as small as a fetus it should still be considered a child because it is a living breathing organism made by the two people. I think that even a fetus has rights to a good life, love and happiness no matter how small it is and no one should be able to take that away from him. Therefore my solution to the abortion problem is it should be legal for only those who are victims of rape or incest if they so chose to have an abortion. But should be illegal for those who are not victims because they chose to do what they did and they must deal with what they have created.

Ground Water Pollution by Fertilizers

Land Water Pollution by Fertilizers Table of Content Introduction Situation Problem Solution Decrease of the Procedure Chemicals Evaluation Organic Fertilizers Inorganic Fertilizers Decision MentionsIntroductionThis essay is based on the subject â€Å"Ground Water Pollution by Fertilizers† . Furthermore, it is further divided into four different parts that contains state of affairs, job, solution and rating. The initial portion of this considered essay focal points on the current state of affairs of land H2O pollution by fertilisers, and the following portion discusses some serious jobs that people faced presents. The 3rd stage entails of import ways or solutions to undertake this lifting job in an appropriate mode, farther the last portion of this essay discusses the rating of all three stages.SituationThe groundwater taint appears where there is a alteration of groundwater. The alteration implies the tainting by micro-organisms, chemicals, harmful and insecure substances and atoms, which is to boot the indispensable groundwater taint ( Rail, 2000 ) . In malice of the fact that groundwater pollution on occasion happens due to the regular or man-made stuff, the be ginnings that conveying about the groundwater pollution are hardly characteristic or man-made. Truly, natural beginnings are non every bit hurtful as 1s produced by human exercisings may be. Those human exercisings bring about a few noxious and deathful stuffs, and when they touch the surface of the land, they can perforate into the belowground degree, and foul the H2O at that place. The grade that those chemicals contaminate the H2O relies on upon their kinds, the soil conditions that they have polluted ( Bjerg, 2000 ) . At that point, what are the beginnings in charge of the groundwater taint? The principal and important one is concerns. Chemical and other fabrication concerns need to treat and clean the H2O every bit much as possible for that ground they frequently use different sorts of chemicals that increase the land H2O pollution ( Tellam, 2007 ) . Then once more, when they have completed the procedure of managing and cleaning H2O, they neglect to suiting handle the utilised H2O, which is planned to be reused, therefore, the untreated utilised H2O watercourses go into the land and contaminates the groundwater. Furthermore, solid industrial wastes are to boot in charge of the groundwater taint, which can weaken deadly stuffs to groundwater pollution after rains and rainwater leaks underground ( Brebbia, 2014 ) . Furthermore, the agricultural exercisings are an surrogate intent behind groundwater taint, in which the fertilisers and other mixture substances can easy foul the groundwater ( Zobisch, 2006 ) . Persons are at some point in charge of the groundwater pollution, in visible radiation of the fact that they bring legion insecure and harmful substances to the groundwater, and subsequently foul it. These substances are characterized as the groundwater toxicants. In visible radiation of their qualities, they could be separated into point root and non-point 1. The point toxins are the 1s from sewerage pipes or armored combat vehicles ; and the non-point 1s are pesticides and fertilisers, which will efficaciously distribute over legion typical districts ( Thangarajan, 2002 ) .ProblemThere is an issue of groundwater pollution by high N fertiliser. It is revived from the surface, streams underneath the land and in the terminal watercourse to the surface. Generally, difference between the ground water and river or saltwater is that one frequently includes dirt wets and other does non ( Hill, 2010 ) . There is similarly an actuality that groundwater has any longer rhythm term than that of the ocean or river H2O. An single can use submerged for agribusiness, industry and imbibing in some zone, which has less H2O. The important issue with groundwater is that it is influenced by N included in fertiliser and this leads legion persons to decease because they have merely groundwater to imbibe ( Giordano, 2007 ) . Fertilizer is known as a substance that supplies workss addendums like N or P, and this is the best methods for heightening creative activity of merchandise and nutriment quality. Previously, people did non hold unreal compost, evidently ; nevertheless, some of the experts discovered the first synthesis fertiliser in 19th century ( Ramachandra, 2006 ) . From that point, people have enhanced the quality and use of fertiliser and they have two kinds of fertilisers, natural and inorganic, now. Natural compost incorporates regular natural stuffs, so natural one is utile for nature ‘s sphere. In actuality, inorganic manure incorporates high N, which is begun from ammonium. The methodological analysis of doing inorganic manure is called Haber-Bosch procedure and inorganic compost is called manufactured compost. The ground for pollution in groundwater is supposed to nitrogen included in bogus man-made compost ( Pipkin, 2013 ) . In add-on, included nitrogen interaction affects submerged taint. The bulk of the N in the land starts from high N fertiliser nevertheless, some of them are from industrial waste and sewerage. As a regulation, N in fertiliser and other types have typical word pictures. At the point when there are two kinds of N in the land, N get downing from industrial waste and sewerage is effortlessly retained. This implies N from manure can non be assimilated good ; raindrops wash it, and do the submerged pollution ( Komatina, 2004 ) . Despite the fact that there are legion beginnings of N ( both common and anthropogenetic ) that could conceivably motivate the taint of the groundwater with nitrates, the anthropogenetic beginnings are genuinely the 1s that on a regular basis cause the step of nitrate to mount to an insecure degree. Waste stuffs are one of the anthropogenetic beginnings of nitrate befoulment of groundwater ( Pepper, 2011 ) . Numerous beginnings of possible nitrate tainting of groundwater exist, for illustration, â€Å" sites utilize for transportation of human and creature sewerage ; industrial waste identified with nourishment preparing, and some Polynesian offices ; and topographic points where managing and inadvertent autumn of nitrogen-bearing stuff may garner. Septic armored combat vehicles are one of the most critical illustrations of anthropogenetic beginning N befoulment of the groundwater. There are different parts of the universe where they have reported important taint of groundwater from septic armored combat vehicles ( Brebbia, 2014 ) . Ground H2O pollution is usually identified with the thickness of infected models. In to a great extent populated scopes, infected models can talk to a existent local beginning of nitrate to the groundwater. Then once more, in less populated parts infected models do non by and large posture much of a danger to groundwater pollution ( Singhal, 2010 ) . The echt issue by high N fertiliser is submerged taint every bit good as an unnatural conditions alteration, eutrophication and well-being effects. Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and methane ( Ch4 ) is greenhouse gasses yet azotic oxide ( N2O ) is besides considered as a nursery gas. At the point when high N fertiliser is put underneath the surface, microscopic beings in dirt deteriorate N and produce azotic oxide. At that point, it goes non yet decided because gas is lighter than dirt ( Mukherjee, 2013 ) . Following echt issue is eutrophication. Eutrophication is phenomena that there is an inordinate sum of addendums in the lake or river and a few kinds of species to develop so good that different species can non populate comfortably. For case, when the nitrate fertiliser watercourses in waterways, it promotes development of small workss on the surface of the watercourse. These workss are on the surface so the workss in the underside of the watercourse can non acquire adequate daytime and make photosynthesis ( Herda, 2013 ) .SolutionThe submerged taint has legion echt issues so an single must avoid H2O taint. There are two attacks to prevent taint. The first is to see whether N fertiliser is genuinely needed or non. This helps persons lessen taint and salvage their resources. The 2nd manner is to works trees so that soil decomposition will non go on ( Bjerg, 2000 ) . Trees change C dioxide into oxide in their photosynthesis and ascribe to ease a unsafe atmospheric devotedness. They hav e to reassess whether high N compost is genuinely an ideal attack to force works development. In the event that they continue using fertilisers at this gait, the Earth will be increasingly harmed ( Chesworth, 2008 ) . To command taint because of these material workss in the zones around them the attach toing steps could be taken with a specific terminal end to construct long-run sustainability as a corporate process, which is entirely adjusted to the concern aims of being productive in the terminal, and procure big market portion. The H2O used as a portion of preparing of stuffs is lessened to an extended grade such that the emanating focal point is constrained to a labeled small volume of H2O and it does non get down impacting larger volume of H2O ( Marinov, 2010 ) .Decrease of the Procedure ChemicalsThe process chemicals make more than 90 to 93 per centum of the taint by different organisations. This likewise cuts down the coevals cost every bit far as the chemicals use. It might be accomplished through recycling different chemicals when procedures are finished. For Example: Acerb sodium carbonate is recouped from the mercerizing and sourcing and is therefore sifted and dialyzed so it might be r eused ( Pepper, 2011 ) . The procedure alteration would include little accommodations in the different techniques utilized amid piecing within petition to do lesser taint and lessens unneeded wastage of H2O. Certain other chemicals can likewise be utilized amid piecing so that recovering those chemicals get to be simple and it in this mode could be utilized as a portion of farther collection processs ( Nair, 2004 ) . Through different alimentary direction undertakings, husbandmans are put to deathing best direction patterns that advance the proficiency of fertiliser usage by fiting supplement supply with merchandise necessities and to minimise alimentary loses. Throughout the old ages, there have been alterations in cultivating patterns to decrease nitrate filtering ( Giordano, 2007 ) . These integrated applications of N fertilisers, which include the best possible steps of N and other works addendums for overpowering harvest growing focused around dirt and works tissue proving. Soil moistness detectors are presently accessible that consider the persistent checking of dirt H2O position in the dirt. Fustigation has ended up more celebrated for its adept use of H2O and addendums, gigantically decreasing run outing and spillover of nitrates ( Chesworth, 2008 ) . Similarly, more late there have been new technological promotion is adopted, for illustration, the distant detection of in-season N position of harvests for auxiliary readying including maize and wheat, and is right off being developed for rock nutrients grown from the land crops and Prunus dulciss. Crop-particular and often even some other algorithms take into consideration exact and spatially variable application of the ideal N rate ( Mukherjee, 2013 ) . Furthermore, promotion is continuously made to concentrate nitrogen disposal zones guided by aeronautical symbolism, picture taking to catch N anxiousness, and detectors to calculate nitrogen application rates while tracking the field. As this new technology gets to be more settled and moderate, its appropriation in different portion of the universe will be loosely acknowledged ( Rail, 2000 ) .EvaluationFertilizers are those chemical compounds that are peculiarly used to increase the growing rate of works and nutrients grown. These are usually connected either through the dirt or by foliar prolonging. They are besides connected to sea-going state of affairss. There are two types of fertilisers organic fertiliser and inorganic fertiliser and they are as follows ;Organic FertilizersOrganic fertilisers are â€Å" normally † happening compounds, which utilize natural process of composting or on a regular basis accessible mineral shops. These fertilisers can take more clip to interrupt down and be assimilated into the dirt and into the workss than inorganic fertiliser ( Pipkin, 2013 ) . On the other manus, the organic fertilisers enhance the well-being and productiveness of dirt and workss, as they present different critical addendums to back up the works growing. The organic foods expand the profusion of dirt life signifiers by giving natural affair and micronutrients to organic entities, for illustration, contagious mycorrhiza, which supports workss in retaining addendums ( Bjerg, 2000 ) .Inorganic Fertil izersInorganic fertilisers are manufactured through complete chemical process, to boot using of course go oning, while synthetically modifying them for illustration concentrated ternary superphosphate. The inorganic manures has important constituents of Phosphorous, Nitrogen, and Potassium quickly accessible for workss without break down like in organic and workss can retain them immediately. Likewise, works could be given definite step of addendums that it needs maintaining in head the terminal end to be solid and less expensive to buy and speedy to use ( Nair, 2004 ) . Largely fertilisers contribute N ( N ) to the Earth and do issue of nitrate taint of H2O and taint of air with nitrate oxide, different oxides of N and base. These gasses help the nursery impact, worldwide warming as their spread outing focal points in the clime and to the annihilation of the stratospheric ozone bed, which secures the Earth from ultraviolet radiation ( Herda, 2013 ) . The manures and animal have created batch of issues of nitrate taint. Greenhouse gas of Azotic oxide ( N2O ) likewise helps the obliteration of the stratospheric ozone when changed over to azotic oxide. N2O is basically created in the life techniques of nitrification and gentrification. To construct the effectivity of N, manure utilizes through alterations, inhibitors of life techniques and in add-on better disposals to vouch expanded nourishment coevals while procuring the natural resources ( Marinov, 2010 ) . While proposed to progress dirts, overexploitation of fertilisers can impact the overall productiveness of harvests in a pessimistic mode. Since most merchandises are suited to a impersonal pH scope, dirt agitation from significant N inputs can equilibrate the expected impacts of fertiliser add-on. Most of the agribusiness experts say that legion countries would profit from application decreases of up to 50 to 60 per centum. China is the universe ‘s top purchaser of fertilisers and it is evaluated that 10 million dozenss of compost used in China ‘s waterways ( Zobisch, 2006 ) . As it was observed due to the extra usage of fertilisers, it increases the groundwater pollution to the extreme degree. It is a premier responsibility of each & A ; every person to take some serious stairss in order to cut down the use of fertilisers to get the better of the job of groundwater pollution every bit much as possible. For that intent, legion ways that can help an person to do proper sc hemes while utilizing different types of fertilisers because it can act upon the productiveness of harvests in both ways optimistic and pessimistic ( Hill, 2010 ) .DecisionTo reason this essay it was found that the fertilisers could be good to heighten the overall productiveness of harvests that will finally help the higher functionary of a state to carry through the demand of their citizens in an appropriate mode. On the other manus, it was noticed that the use of different sorts of fertilisers increase the groundwater pollution that will finally impact the overall environment of a part in a negative mode.MentionsBjerg, P.L. , 2000.Groundwater 2000. CRC Press. Brebbia, C.A. , 2014.Water Pollution XII. WIT Press. Chesworth, W. , 2008.Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Springer Science & A ; Business Media. Giordano, M. , 2007.The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution. CABI. Herda, D.J. , 2013.From Container to Kitchen. New Society Publishers. Hill, M.K. , 2010.Understanding Environmental Pollution. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Cambridge University Press. Komatina, M. , 2004.Medical Geology. Elsevier. Marinov, A.M. , 2010.Water Pollution X. WIT Press. Mukherjee, S. , 2013.Environmental Scenario in India. Routledge. Nair, P.K.R. , 2004.New Vistas in Agroforestry. Springer Science & A ; Business Media. Pepper, I.L. , 2011.Environmental and Pollution Science. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Academic Press. Pipkin, B. , 2013.Geology and the Environment. 7th erectile dysfunction. Cengage Learning. Rail, C.D. , 2000.Groundwater Contamination: Management. CRC Press. Ramachandra, T.V. , 2006.Dirt and Groundwater Pollution from Agricultural Activities. TERI Press. Singhal, B.B.S. , 2010.Applied Hydrogeology of Fractured Rocks. Springer Science & A ; Business Media. Tellam, J.H. , 2007.Urban Groundwater Management and Sustainability. Springer Science & A ; Business Media. Thangarajan, M. , 2002.Sustainable Development and Management of Groundwater Resources in Semi-Arid Regions with Particular Reference to Hard Rocks. CRC Press. Zobisch, M.A. , 2006.Resource Use and Agricultural Sustainability. kassel university imperativeness GmbH.

A Beginner Guide to Comparing Values in Perl

A Beginner Guide to Comparing Values in Perl Perl  comparison operators can sometimes be confusing to new Perl programmers. The confusion stems from the fact that  Perl  actually has two sets of comparison operators - one for comparing numeric values and one for comparing string American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) values.   Since  comparison operators  are typically used to control logical program flow and make important decisions, using the wrong operator for the value you are testing can lead to bizarre errors and hours of debugging, if youre not careful. Dont forget to catch whats written at the very bottom of this page for some last-minute things to remember. Equal, Not Equal The simplest and probably most used comparison operators test to see if one value is equal to another value. If the values are equal, the test returns true, and if the values are not equal, the test returns false. For testing the equality of two numeric values, we use the comparison operator . For testing the equality of two string values, we use the comparison operator eq (EQual). Heres an example of both: if (5 5) { print for numeric values\n; } if (moe eq moe) { print eq (EQual) for string values\n; } Testing for the opposite, not equal, is very similar. Remember that this test will return true if the values tested are not equal to each other. To see if two numeric values are not equal to each other, we use the comparison operator !. To see if two string values are not equal to each other, we use the comparison operator ne (Not Equal). if (5 ! 6) { print ! for numeric values\n; } if (moe ne curly) { print ne (Not Equal) for string values\n; } Greater Than, Greater Than or Equal To Now lets look at the  greater than  comparison operators. Using this first operator, you can test to see if one value is  greater than  another value. To see if two  numeric  values are  greater than  each other, we use the comparison operator  . To see if two  string  values are  greater than  each other, we use the comparison operator  gt  (Greater Than). if (5 4) { print for numeric values\n; } if (B gt A) { print gt (Greater Than) for string values\n; } You can also test for  greater than or equal to, which looks very similar. Keep in mind that this test will return  true  if the values tested are equal to each other, or if the value on the left is greater than the value on the right. To see if two  numeric  values are  greater than or equal to  each other, we use the comparison operator  . To see if two  string  values are  greater than or equal to  each other, we use the comparison operator  ge  (Greater-than Equal-to). if (5 5) { print for numeric values\n; } if (B ge A) { print ge (Greater-than Equal-to) for string values\n; } Less Than, Less Than or Equal To There are a variety of comparison operators you can use to determine the logical flow of your  Perl programs. Weve already discussed the difference between the Perl numeric comparison operators and the Perl string comparison operators, which can cause some confusion to  new Perl programmers.  Weve also learned how to tell if two values are equal to, or not equal to each other, and weve learned how to tell if two values are greater than or equal to each other. Lets look at the  less than  comparison operators. Using this first operator, you can test to see if one value is  less than  another value. To see if two  numeric  values are  less than  each other, we use the comparison operator  . To see if two  string  values are  less than  each other, we use the comparison operator  lt  (Less Than). if (4 5) { print for numeric values\n; } if (A lt B) { print lt (Less Than) for string values\n; } You can also test for,  less than or equal to, which looks very similar. Remember that this test will return  true  if the values tested are equal to each other, or if the value on the left is less than the value on the right. To see if two  numeric  values are  less than or equal to  each other, we use the comparison operator  . To see if two  string  values are  less than or equal to  each other, we use the comparison operator  le  (Less-than Equal-to). if (5 5) { print for numeric values\n; } if (A le B) { print le (Less-than Equal-to) for string values\n; } More Information on Comparison Operators When we talk about string values being equal to each other, were referring to their ASCII values. So, the capital letters are technically less than the lowercase letters, and the higher the letter is in the alphabet, the higher the ASCII value. Make sure you check your  ASCII values  if youre trying to make logical decisions based on strings.